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The Bradford Hill criteria, otherwise known as Hill's criteria for causation, are a group of nine principles that can be useful in establishing epidemiologic evidence of a causal relationship between a presumed cause and an observed effect and have been widely used in public health research.
Sir Austin Bradford Hill CBE FRS (8 July 1897 – 18 April 1991) was an English epidemiologist who pioneered the modern randomised clinical trial and, together with Richard Doll, demonstrated the connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer.
2 days ago · Quick Reference. [A. B. Hill (1897–1991), British medical statistician] A set of nine criteria used to determine the strength of an association between a disease and its supposed causative agent. They form the basis of modern medical and dental epidemiological research.
Sep 30, 2015 · In 1965, Sir Austin Bradford Hill published nine “viewpoints” to help determine if observed epidemiologic associations are causal. Since then, the “Bradford Hill Criteria” have become the most frequently cited framework for causal inference in epidemiologic studies.
- Kristen M. Fedak, Autumn Bernal, Zachary A. Capshaw, Sherilyn Gross
- 2015
- Strength of association. We have never performed a clinical trial for smoking, in which we randomly assigned people to smoke cigarettes. Yet, we know for a fact that smoking causes cancer.
- Consistency. Do all or most studies indicate that A causes B? If the experiment is repeated in another country or at another time, are similar data produced?
- Specificity. If A truly causes B, it beggars belief to argue that A also causes C, D, E, F, and G. We should be suspicious when a single risk factor becomes an all-purpose boogeyman.
- Temporality. If A causes B, then A must also precede B. However, the reverse is not true: Just because A precedes B does not mean A causes B. A good example is the association between drug use and mental illness.
Dec 16, 2020 · This paper explores how the nine Bradford Hill viewpoints relate to three causal thinking approaches: directed acyclic graphs, sufficient-component cause models and GRADE. It maps each viewpoint against the potential outcomes framework and discusses their implications for improving causal assessment.
The nine Bradford Hill (BH) viewpoints (sometimes referred to as criteria) are commonly used to assess causality within epidemiology. However, causal thinking has since developed, with three of the most prominent approaches implicitly or explicitly building on the potential outcomes framework: direc ….
