Carla Frye
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Nov 1, 2022 · Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules that are ubiquitous in the genomes of bacteria and archaea (Yamaguchi et al., 2011). A typical TA system usually consists of two elements: a stable toxin, which is a protein in most cases; and a cognate unstable antitoxin, which is either an RNA or a protein (Jurenas et al., 2022).
Jun 7, 2018 · Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules encode a toxin that inhibits cell growth by interfering with vital processes and an antitoxin that protects the cell from the toxin (Page and Peti, 2016, Unterholzner et al., 2013).
- Alexander Harms, Ditlev Egeskov Brodersen, Namiko Mitarai, Kenn Gerdes
- 2018
Sep 1, 2013 · Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxin gene and its cognate antitoxin. The toxins of all known TA systems are proteins while the antitoxins are either proteins or non-coding RNAs.
- Simon J Unterholzner, Brigitte Poppenberger, Wilfried Rozhon
- 10.4161/mge.26219
- 2013
- Mob Genet Elements. 2013 Sep 1; 3(5): e26219.
Mar 1, 2013 · Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements found on plasmids or chromosomes of countless bacteria, archaea, and possibly also unicellular fungi. Under normal growth conditions, the activity of the toxin protein or its translation is counteracted by an antitoxin protein or noncoding RNA.
- Christopher F. Schuster, Ralph Bertram
- 2013
Sep 1, 2013 · Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxin gene and its cognate antitoxin. The toxins of all known TA systems are proteins while the antitoxins are either proteins or non-coding RNAs.
- Simon J Unterholzner, Brigitte Poppenberger, Wilfried Rozhon
- 2013
Mar 18, 2016 · This Review article highlights bacterial toxin-antitoxin system components, their function and the mechanisms they use to affect diverse physiological functions and conditions, including...
Jun 1, 2023 · Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous in bacteria and archaea. Most are composed of two neighboring genetic elements, a stable toxin capable of inhibiting crucial cellular processes, including replication, transcription, translation, cell division and membrane integrity, and an unstable antitoxin to counteract the toxicity of ...
