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In biology, any group of fish that stay together for social reasons are shoaling, and if the group is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, they are schooling. In common usage, the terms are sometimes used rather loosely. About one quarter of fish species shoal all their lives, and about one half shoal for part of ...
What’s the difference between a shoal, a school and a pod? - BBC Science Focus Magazine.
Schooling and shoaling is a kind of collective animal behaviour by fish. Any group of fish that stays together for social reasons is said to be shoaling , and if the shoal is swimming in the same direction together, it is schooling .
Jun 21, 2017 · Learn how fish schools are self-organized, coordinated and adaptive groups of individuals that can switch between shoaling and schooling. Find out how fish use visual and sensory cues to avoid collisions, match neighbors and respond to predators.
- Measurements at The Individual Level
- Measurements in A Shoal
- The Group Size
By definition, in a shoal, the minimum group size is two individuals. However, shoaling and schooling behaviours are collective behaviours, behaviours of an entity, the entire group. A single animal cannot adopt a shoaling or schooling behaviour alone, but its choices to move in a particular direction and to adopt a particular position in space cre...
The fundamental data: position of individuals
The basic measurement to describe shoaling behaviours is the spatial position of each individual. The position of an animal is generally determined either by a precise point that can be easily detected on its body (the beginning of the snout for example) or more frequently by the mass centre (or centre of gravity) of the animal imaged on the monitor screen. As illustrated in Fig. 8a–c, the choice of the referent position is important because a point is an infinitesimal position and can have a...
Measuring shoaling behaviours
Group cohesion can be measured as the mean distance to the mass centre of the group (average centre distance) (e.g. Kunz and Hemelrijk 2003; Miller and Gerlai 2007). A close method is the mean separation distance, consisting in the average of distances from every other individual in the school (Hunter 1966; Hurley 1978). The value of these two parameters is influenced by the school shape and the size of the group. However, the most frequently used parameter is NND (nearest neighbour distance)...
Measuring schooling behaviours
The schooling behaviours are measured by the polarisation and the synchronisation of speed. The variety of parameters to describe these behaviours quantitatively are summarised in Table 4. Polarisation and speed are often correlated, but this is not always the case. For example, in tit-for-tat behaviour (Milinski 1987; Dugatkin and Alfieri 1991a, b), a form of predator inspection behaviour, each individual moves step by step with the other congeners. The progression of an individual is discon...
The previous parts are a synthesis of parameters able to describe shoals and schools. The goal is notably to allow comparison between species, population, experiment treatments, in and between natural shoals and artificial shoals in computer modelling. However, the characterization of fish group properties is no independent of the scale of the aggr...
- Johann Delcourt, Pascal Poncin
- 2012
Nov 14, 2012 · Habituation to an environment can also alter the proportion of time zebrafish groups spend schooling or shoaling. Models of collective motion suggest that the degree and stability of group polarization increases with the group's density.
Nov 22, 2014 · In biology, any group of fish that stay together for social reasons are shoaling (pronounced /ˈʃoʊlɪŋ/), and if the group is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, they are...
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