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Byzantium was a Greek colony founded in 667 BC on the Bosphorus, later becoming the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Learn about its history, etymology, coins, and legacy in this comprehensive article.
5 days ago · Learn about the Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived for a thousand years after the west fell. Explore its history, geography, culture, art, and legacy through Britannica's articles, maps, and multimedia.
- The Byzantine Empire existed from approximately 395 CE—when the Roman Empire was split—to 1453. It became one of the leading civilizations in the w...
- The Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the Roman Empire, and it survived over a thousand years after the western half dissolved. A series of...
- Modern historians use the term Byzantine Empire to distinguish the state from the western portion of the Roman Empire. The name refers to Byzantium...
- At its greatest extent, the Byzantine Empire covered much of the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, including what is now Italy, Greece, and T...
- Citizens of the Byzantine Empire strongly identified as Christians, just as they identified as Romans. Emperors, seeking to unite their realm under...
Learn about the history, culture, and legacy of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, that lasted from 330 to 1453. Explore its geography, government, society, arts, religion, and conflicts with the Latin West and the Islamic world.
- Byzantium
- Byzantine Empire Flourishes
- Eastern Roman Empire
- Council of Chalcedon
- Justinian I
- Iconoclasm
- Byzantine Art
- The Crusades
- Fall of Constantinople
- Legacy of The Byzantine Empire
- GeneratedCaptionsTabForHeroSec
The term “Byzantine” derives from Byzantium, an ancient Greek colony founded by a man named Byzas. Located on the European side of the Bosporus (the strait linking the Black Sea to the Mediterranean), the site of Byzantium was ideally located to serve as a transit and trade point between Europe and Asia. In A.D. 330, Roman Emperor Constantine I cho...
The eastern half of the Roman Empire proved less vulnerable to external attack, thanks in part to its geographic location. With Constantinople located on a strait, it was extremely difficult to breach the capital’s defenses; in addition, the eastern empire had a much smaller common frontier with Europe. It also benefited greatly from a stronger adm...
As a result of these advantages, the Eastern Roman Empire, variously known as the Byzantine Empire or Byzantium, was able to survive for centuries after the fall of Rome. Though Byzantium was ruled by Roman law and Roman political institutions, and its official language was Latin, Greek was also widely spoken, and students received education in Gre...
In terms of religion, the Council of Chalcedon in 451 officially established the division of the Christian world into separate patriarchates, including Rome (where the patriarch would later call himself pope), Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem. Even after the Islamicempire absorbed Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem in the seventh century, the Byzan...
Justinian I, who took power in 527 and would rule until his death in 565, was the first great ruler of the Byzantine Empire. During the years of his reign, the empire included most of the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, as Justinian’s armies conquered part of the former Western Roman Empire, including North Africa. Many great monuments of t...
During the eighth and early ninth centuries, Byzantine emperors (beginning with Leo III in 730) spearheaded a movement that denied the holiness of icons, or religious images, and prohibited their worship or veneration. Known as Iconoclasm—literally “the smashing of images”—the movement waxed and waned under various rulers, but did not end definitiv...
During the late 10th and early 11th centuries, under the rule of the Macedonian dynasty founded by Michael III’s successor, Basil, the Byzantine Empire enjoyed a golden age. Though it stretched over less territory, Byzantium had more control over trade, more wealth and more international prestige than under Justinian. The strong imperial government...
The end of the 11th century saw the beginning of the Crusades, the series of holy wars waged by European Christians against Muslims in the Near East from 1095 to 1291. With the Seijuk Turks of central Asia bearing down on Constantinople, Emperor Alexius I turned to the West for help, resulting in the declaration of “holy war” by Pope Urban II at Cl...
During the rule of the Palaiologan emperors, beginning with Michael VIII in 1261, the economy of the once-mighty Byzantine state was crippled, and never regained its former stature. In 1369, Emperor John V unsuccessfully sought financial help from the West to confront the growing Turkish threat, but he was arrested as an insolvent debtor in Venice....
In the centuries leading up to the final Ottoman conquest in 1453, the culture of the Byzantine Empire–including literature, art, architecture, law and theology–flourished even as the empire itself faltered. Byzantine culture would exert a great influence on the Western intellectual tradition, as scholars of the Renaissancesought help from Byzantin...
Learn about the Byzantine Empire, a vast and powerful civilization that survived for 1,000 years after the fall of Rome. Explore its origins, achievements, challenges and legacy in art, literature and religion.
Feb 21, 2013 · Learn about the ancient city of Byzantium, founded by Greek colonists and later renamed Constantinople by Constantine I. Explore its history from the Persian Wars to the Roman Empire and beyond.
- Donald L. Wasson
Learn about the origins, development, and fall of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, from the 3rd to the 15th century. Explore its political, cultural, and religious history, as well as its relations with other powers in Europe and Asia.
Sep 19, 2018 · Learn about the history, culture, and legacy of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium. Explore its capital Constantinople, its emperors, its government, and its relations with other powers.
